Dante's La Commedia

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0:00The Divine Comedy is the greatest literary masterpiece in human history. When Dante wrote it in about 1300 he called it La Commedia. Okay? And the reason why is that at this time in history epic poetry was considered high, okay? Or tragic. And it was written usually in Latin. But for Dante, what he really believed is that epic poetry should be democratic. It should be accessible to the people. That's why he called it La Commedia, low, okay? Which meant comedy. And so he wrote it in Tuscan, which is the language of Florence, where he lived. Um Latin was the language of the elite in Europe. He wanted to write in Tuscan so that ordinary people around him could access it. And as a result, Dante is a great believer in democracy. So uh Homer Dante and Shakespeare were in their own respective languages the greatest poets. Because first and foremost, they believed that poetry should be accessed by the people. They believed in um a democratic spirit to poetry. And that made them distinct from the people of their time.

2:00La Commedia is response then to the Aeneid by Virgil. [snorts] At this time in history, for the past 1,000 years, the Aeneid was a dominant dominant literature in Europe, and it was the foundation for the Catholic Church. Okay, so remember when we read the Aeneid, the Aeneid is fundamentally about duty, uh piety, um and it just spoke and and it contrasted love. Okay? And this became the dominant idea in the Catholic Church where you are not allowed to access God. You're not allowed to believe in love. You must obey the church cuz only the church can guarantee you redemption and salvation. And this, of course, led to massive corruption in the Catholic Church. But it also led to wars throughout Europe because so much power was concentrated in the Catholic Church, and as a result, many kings fought over um for power in the Catholic Church. And this led to many wars. It led also to a splintering of the Catholic Church, and Dante found himself embroiled into a lot of these conflicts. Okay? So he wrote La Commedia in order to have people access God. Okay? Through the Through the comedy, you can access God and bypass Catholic Church. In fact, if you read La La Commedia, you'll find there are a lot of direct criticisms of the Catholic Church. Also, La Commedia was written in response to the Aeneid. And like Homer, [snorts] what Dante wants to do is position love first and foremost, okay? In La Commedia, love is God itself.

4:03All right. So, these are the basic themes that we'll be looking at um throughout this book. So, let me talk about the structure of La La Commedia. Right? There are three distinct parts. First is Inferno. [snorts] Second is Purgatory. And the last is Paradise. And what makes um the La Commedia so powerful is Dante uses two major literary literary devices to construct his universe. The first is what we call structure. The second is paradox. All right? So, imagine La Commedia as not just epic poetry, but as a very complex mathematical puzzle that you must unravel through time. Okay? So, um Inferno, the structure is an inverted triangle. And so, what's going to happen is that Dante and Virgil are going to um tra- uh travel through Inferno, through hell, but it's almost like they're traveling under ground, okay? It's an inverted triangle. And then, Purgatory becomes a pyramid or a mountain. Where Dante and Virgil are going to travel up a mountain so that they can meet Beatrice at the very top. And why they will meet Beatrice at the very top is that Beatrice will take um Dante to heaven, where he will meet God. And that is the very ending of the Divine Comedy, okay? Like a madia. And in Paradise, it is structured as um a solar system. And here is something called the Imperium, where God is. And then Dante

6:05will travel Beatrice into the Imperium. And it's structured like a solar system, okay? So, that's the very structure of the Divine Comedy. And as you can see, it's very mathematical. [snorts] It's rigorous, if it's mathematical. There's a symmetry to the the the madia that doesn't really exist anywhere else in poetry. But what makes Divine Comedy so distinct and so powerful is the idea of paradox, or maybe dissonance. Cognitive dissonance. And [snorts] so, all poetry is designed to be memorized. It's all designed to be read aloud. And there are subtlety and nuance in all poetry. And the reason why is think of poetry as almost like a virus. And what it what it's trying to do is it's trying to infiltrate you. It's trying to subvert you, and it's trying to remake you, okay? And that's what the Divine Comedy does, where you read it, and it all sounds very simple and nice, but the more you memorize it, the more you interact with it, the more it enters you, and it creates cognitive dissonance. Meaning that it is disrupting the normal way you see the world. It creates paradox. And what's going to happen is that your mind is going to by itself subconsciously try to unravel these paradoxes over time. Okay? So, the more you read The Divine Comedy over decades, the more it will reveal itself to you. It is a universe that comes into you, and then it remakes you. Okay? And that is the power and beauty of The Divine Comedy. So, the trick is to unravel the paradoxes,

8:06uh which will implant themselves throughout the Divine Comedy. Okay. So, what um So, another thing about the structure is that in order to reach paradise, Dante must first enter Inferno, okay? And there are different ways you can interpret the meaning of this. The simplest way to interpret this is that in order to really truly discover God, you must experience hell yourself. Okay? So, good and evil are um are intertwined together. You can never have good unless you first experience evil. Good is not the absence of evil. Good is a confrontation and the the defeat of evil. Okay? That's one possible way to interpret it. But, another way to interpret interpret it is that Inferno represents Virgil, uh which represents the Aeneid. And so, for Dante to begin the process of entering into heaven, he must first recognize the impact of Virgil and the Aeneid on his psyche, on his culture, and then by recognizing this, defeat the Aeneid in order to fully embrace um the power of God and of love. Okay? And And that's the interpretation that I want I want to I want to present to you as we go along. All right. Okay. So, having gone that, let's go over some basic biography. This is Dante, and Dante is considered the greatest poet in the entire Italian language. At this time in history, Italy was divided into city-states. So, Dante was in Florence, but there are also some major city-states like Venice and Genoa,

10:06[snorts] okay? And they're all competing against each other. They're also competing against Rome, the Catholic Church, which wanted to exert authority over these city-states. At the same time, you had the different empires of Europe, for example, France, and basically the Holy Roman Empire, which we would today call Germany. And they're also trying to exert authority over these city-states. At the same time, there are different factions within these state city-states, different families that fight against each other. So, during Dante's time, and this this again is about the year 1300, he is experiencing constant conflict, constant violence, constant hatred. And for him, the major question is, how can we as a people, as humans, escape this constant cycle of vengeance and hatred and war? And that's why he wrote The Divine Comedy. Um two major bio biographical details that you need to understand about him is that he is of noble birth, and therefore he is a participant in uh this conflict. So, uh the northern Italian city-states, which include Florence, Milan, um Genoa, and Venice. They have two major political factions, okay? This is Wikipedia, by the way, all right? Uh the Guelphs, which support the papacy, and the Ghibellines, who support the Holy Roman Empire. Okay? So, Dante's family belongs to the Guelphs. So, he was just born into this political rivalry, and over time, what will happen is that the Guelphs will win, but then the Guelphs will divide into the black and white uh

12:06factions. So, different families fighting for power again, okay? So, where Dante all his life he's experienced nothing but political rivalry and hatred. That's the first major thing you need to know about him. Ultimately, what will happen is that he'll get sick of this um constant fighting, and he will exile himself to focus on his poetry. The other thing to know about him is he falls in love with Beatrice at a very early age, okay? Um he he he meets her when she is nine, and she is eight. The problem is that Beatrice's family is of more noble, aristocratic birth than Dante. Now, at the time in history, all marriages are arranged. And so, Dante marries someone of his class, Beatrice marries someone of of his class, but they never really um abandon each other, okay? They they still remain friends, and Dante in his heart still has this longing for Beatrice. Beatrice will die pretty young, maybe when she's in her mid-20s she'll die giving birth, but Dante never for- forgets about her. And he spends his entire life still remembering his love for Dante for Beatrice, and this becomes the basis of the Divine Comedy, okay? La Commedia. Um so, these are the two major biograph- uh biographical details you need to know about Dante. Okay, so uh again this is um from Wikipedia and when Dante is exiled from Florence, okay, he never returns to Florence. He spent all his life in the exile. He becomes patronized by some very powerful aristocrats throughout um Italy and he will spend his a lot of his time reflecting on his experience in this political faction. In the Divine Comedy there will be a lot of references to this conflict between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs and his exile from Florence and his hatred of the Catholic

14:07Church. Um there will also be a lot of references to his love for Beatrice which will redeem him from this earthly conflict, okay? All right, so some passages that we've looked at in um before but which I want us to emphasize, okay, to to better understand Divine Comedy. All right, so let's let's look at certain passages, okay? So um Uh Abby, could you read for me, please? When I had journeyed half of our life's way, I found myself within a shadowed forest for I had lost a path that does not stray. Uh it is hard to speak of what it was, that savage forest, dense and difficult, which even in recall renews my fear. So bitter, death is hardly more severe. But to retell the good discovered there, I'll also tell the other things I saw. Okay, so he's saying, right, this is the very beginning of the Divine Comedy. This is the Allen Mandelbaum translation, okay? And I choose Allen Mandelbaum. There are lots of um other um translations because he's just the easiest to read. All right, so I'm I'm not I'm not I'm not interested in the language. I'm interested in the ideas. So, that's why I pick him. Okay, so this is very simple. He is in the middle age and he's in the Shadow Forest. Okay, so he's completely confused um as to why the world is what it is. This hatred for the world is um causing him to hate himself as well. And so, because of this hatred because of this confusion about why there's so much hatred in the world he has lost his connection with God. Um and he doesn't know how to proceed. It's a long period of savage forest that's so difficult that makes him question everything. Okay,

16:08he's in a deep depression basically. And And at this point, he is lost in this forest and he feels hopeless. And then a man emerges named Virgil. And Virgil is the poet that Dante respects the most because at this point in history, Virgil is the most influential poet. And Virgil promises to guide Dante out of the Shadow Forest and into the light. And Dante puts his faith in Virgil. And at this point, Dante sees Virgil not just as a savior, but as a father and a as a teacher. Okay? This is important because for Dante to truly defeat Virgil, which is the point of the Commedia, he wants to destroy the influence and power of the Aeneid, he first must put Virgil onto a pedestal pedestal in order for us to recognize the limitations of Virgil. So, we ourselves can defeat Virgil in our hearts. Okay? And that's the idea here. All right, uh can you can you continue uh Ivory? All right. Yep, keep on going. In heaven, there is a gentle lady, one who weaves for the distressed souls which I send you to so that stern judgment of above is shattered. And it was she who called upon Lucia, requesting of her, "Now your faithful one has need of you, and I commend him to you." Lucia, enemy of every cruelty, arose and made her way to where I was, sitting beside the venerable Rachel. She said, "You, Beatrice, true praise of God, why have you not helped him who loves you so that for your sake he slept the vulgar crowd? Do you not hear the anguish in his cry? Do you not see the death he wars against upon that river ruthless as to see?" No one within this world has ever been

18:09so quick to seek his good or flee his harm as I. When she had finished speaking thus, to come below down from my blessed station, I trusted in your honest utterance, which honors you and those who listen to you. When she had finished with her words to me, she turned aside her gleaming tearful eyes, which only made me hurry all the more. Okay. So, a lot of La Commedia Divina Commedia is dialogue, okay? There's a speaker and there's a listener. And this is an important formulation uh because what Dante wants us is to recognize is that when a speaker speaks, he or she's speaking from a certain worldview, a certain prejudice. And so, we must always be on guard. We We must always always ask ourselves why this person is saying what he or she is saying, okay? So, um something that we who a lot is the idea of God. Okay? And God is the perfect manifestation of love, of generosity, of forgiveness. And one thing that God does not do is reciprocity. Okay? So, the Catholic Church teaches you that if you obey God, then God will allow you access to heaven. And what Dante wants us to understand is that cannot [clears throat] be true. If God is perfection, if God is love, if God is beauty, God would never require anything of you. God will always give you free will. And free will and reciprocity are contradiction. Okay? If I make you do something in order to access heaven, that means I don't give you free will. But God will give you free will.

20:09All right? But here we can see a contradiction, a paradox in that what So, what's happening is that Dante is talking to Virgil and Dante's asking Virgil, "How did you get here? Why are you here? Why are you taking me to heaven?" And Virgil's response is, "Well, I was having a very nice time sitting in home in limbo in hell, but then an angel, Beatrice, came to me and said she might help in order to help a friend." And then Dante's like, "Okay, but why would Beatrice want to help me?" And then Virgil was like, "Well, because she saw your pain in in heaven and she recognizes how much you love her. And so, um Lucia said to her, "You, Beatrice, why don't you help him who loves you so much?" Okay? So, it's almost like a a reciprocity where Beatrice loves Beatrice so much, Beatrice has to come help him now. But, this goes against the very idea of God, okay? So, what's happening here is two possibilities. The first possibility is that Virgil is just lying, okay? But, he's not really lying. He's just mis- He's just misinterpreting what's going on. God will always come to you if you truly want God to come. Okay? Because God is all generous. And so, Dante is His heart is calling out for God, and God sends Beatrice without any conditions. And God sends Beatrice because God understands that Beatrice is a person who can most help Dante, okay? There's no reciprocity here. But, when Beatrice tells Virgil this, Virgil misinterprets this idea to mean that there's reciprocity going on, okay?

22:10So, it's not It's not really lying, but it shows you the limitations of Virgil's worldview, where in the Aeneid, it's all about reciprocity. Okay? It's all about contract. It's all about duty. Okay? So, that's the first possibility. But, another possibility is that Beatrice understands the limitations of Virgil, and so just tells Virgil what he wants to hear, or structures this in a way that Virgil can understand, okay? Because if Beatrice says to uh Virgil, "I came to help Dante because uh Dante needs help." Virgil will be like, "Well, okay, he needs help, but why help him?" And so, Beatrice doesn't want to spend time explaining to him that the universe is all forgiving. Uh so she so she just says, "Okay, well, it's because he helped me in the past. It's because of his love for me that I'm able to go to heaven." Okay? All right. So, already in the beginning, we have to question the authority of Virgil, okay? Virgil is an unreliable guide. And for us to truly enter paradise, for us to truly discover God, we need to recognize he is unreliable ourselves. Dante will never tell us, but he'll give us clues to suggest that he is unreliable. And we must reject him if we are to fully embrace God. Okay? All right, let's continue. All right. All right, so Virgil is taking Dante into hell. And Virgil emphasizes Dante, "This is a path that we must take if we are to go into paradise. You must first confront evil. You must first understand

24:10sin for you to truly understand goodness." Okay? All right. And so, when they get there, there's a river that blocks their path into hell, and there is a ferryman named Charon from Greek mythology who will take them across the um river. But, the problem is that Dante's still living, and Charon sees that. And he says to Dante, uh "There's a problem here. I can't take you across because you're a living soul, and you're not dead. So, I can't give you access to um hell hell, okay? All right, can you read Ivy?" And here, advancing towards us in a boat, an aged man, his uh his hair was white with years, was shouting, "Woe to you, corrupted souls. Forget your hope of ever seeing heaven. I come to lead you to the other shore, to the eternal dark, to fire and frost. And you approaching there, you living soul, keep well away from these. They are the dead." But when he saw I made no move to go, he said, "Another way, in other harbors, not here, will bring you passage to your shore. A lighter craft will have to carry you." My guide, then, "Charon, don't torment yourself. Our passage has been willed above, where one can do what he has willed, and ask no more." Now silence fell upon the woolly cheeks of Charon, pilot of the livid marsh, whose eyes were ringed about with wheels of flame. Okay, so Charon doesn't want to take Dante across because Dante is still living. Um but when Virgil says to him, "Hey, let us pass." Charon uh obeys, okay? And this is a paradox. So, let me explain the paradox to you. Again, the thing about Dante is that he's so subtle. And it's written in a perfect manner. So, the more you try to understand what's going on, the more truth will be revealed to you. So, the paradox is

26:10this. They are in hell, and they are in hell because they rejected God. Okay? And the And how we know that we we rejected God is this sentence, "Woe to you, corrupted souls. Forget your hope of ever seeing heaven." Okay? So, so you can interpret this as saying that Charon is saying to you it is saying to people, "This is all hopeless." Okay? But another way of of interpreting this is Charon Charon is saying to all these souls, "You are in here because you believe God has abandoned you. You believe there is no God. You believe there is no heaven. You believe you deserve to be here, that's why you're here. Okay?" Um so that But then he sees Dante and he he knows that Dante doesn't believe this. He is actually going to heaven. And so, Dante is a corruption. And so, Charon doesn't want to take Dante across. But then Virgil says, "Hey, God has ordered Dante to be crossed." And then Charon obeys. The problem The paradox is this, Charon himself doesn't believe in God. That's why he's in hell. He rejects the authority of God. Yet he obeys God. So, that makes actually no sense. This is a paradox. Unless you remember that what matters is the speaker, okay? So, Virgil is the one who is speaking. Okay? So, in other words, Charon is not obeying the authority of God, he's obeying the authority of the speaker, who is Virgil. And this suggests to us that Virgil is the master of hell. And then the question in then is, well, why is he master of hell? And the answer is because he created hell through the Aeneid. Right? Aeneid is a poetry that emphasizes piety, obedience.

28:11It emphasizes how love is a disease. It emphasizes the the importance of hatred as a power to destroy your enemies. It emphasizes empire. So, in other words, Virgil, through the Aeneid, created emotions in human be in human beings that allow for the creation of hell itself. You can also argue that with the Aeneid, Virgil created conditions for the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is not based on the Bible, it's based on the Aeneid. Okay? So, again, this is not apparent um in the poetry. What you understand is that um Dante is conveying his truthful paradox. And you try to unravel this paradox, and the truth slowly reveals itself to you. Okay? All right, let's continue. All right. Can you read, Avery? I'm sorry. Did you mention him with his eyes like embers by signaling to them his all embark? His oar strikes an- anyone who stretches out. As in the autumn, leaves detach themselves, first one and then the other, till the bough sees all his fallen garments on the ground. Similarly, the evil seed of Adam descended from the shoreline one by one, when signaled, as the falcon called will come. So, do they move across the darkened waters even before they reach the farther shore, new ranks already gather on this bank. My son, the gracious master said to me, "Those who have died beneath the wrath of God, all these assemble here from every country, and they are eager for the river crossing because celestial justice spurs them on, so that their fear is turned into desire. No good soul ever takes his pass- passage here. Therefore, if Charon has complained of you, by now you can be sure what his words mean." Okay. So, two words that you will see a

30:12lot in Dante are will and desire, okay? Will and desire. Because will and desire together create your soul. Okay? So, in Divine Comedy, you will see these two words, will and desire, repeated a lot. You are what you want and what you move towards, okay? That's ultimately your soul. And um what this is telling us is that people are evil because people obey. Okay? Duty. Okay? So, this image is where the people line up obediently and do as they're told. They don't question why this is happening. They don't resist why this is happening, okay? Their will and desire is to move towards hell. They are not in hell because they did bad things. Everyone does bad things. They're in hell They're in hell because they desire to be in hell. Okay? And there's something that Virgil says. Their fear is turned into desire. They're entering hell because they want to do so. This is a really important idea if you are to understand Dante. Free will is a fundamental truth of the universe. You do what you do because you choose to do it. You're in hell not because you did bad things. You are in hell because you think that hell is the best place for you. You're happy in hell. Okay? All right. So, now they are in hell. And the first place that they enter is something called limbo. And limbo is a place where people go. They're good people,

32:15but the problem is they don't believe in Jesus. They don't believe in Christ. They never converted Christianity. So, these are people like Virgil, like Homer, like Plato. Okay? Very virtuous people, but unfortunately, they um don't believe in God, and so therefore, they are doomed in hell. That Oh, that's what Virgil Dante. Dante's suspicious and and Dante asks Virgil, "Was there ever time when people in hell could ascend to heaven?" And Virgil says, "There was only one time and that was when Jesus died and he came to hell to save and redeem those most worthy. People like King David, people like Noah, people like Abraham, people like Rachel, who were in the Bible, who were born before the time of Christ, but who are worthy of going to heaven and that's why Jesus came to hell. Unfortunately, I, Virgil, came after uh Jesus and so I was not saved by by him. Okay? And as you go on, you I want you to remember this because what we'll discover as we go on is this is not true. It is entirely possible for people who are not Christians, who were born before the time of Jesus, to ascend to heaven because they choose to. It's about will and desire, okay? So, uh and then they go into the first layer of hell. And the first layer of hell uh are people who lusted, okay? These are people whose passion overrode their reason and so they um sinned, okay? All right. Okay. Uh and so these are spirits that are

34:15passing through and Dante asks Virgil, "Who are these people?" And Virgil starts to name them one by one, okay? Okay, can you read um Ivory? The kindly [snorts] master said, "Do you not ask who are these spirits whom you see before you. I'd have you know before you go ahead, they do not sin, and yet, though they have merits, that's not enough because they lack baptism, the portal of faith that you embrace. And if they lived before Christianity, they did not worship God in fitting ways. And of such spirits, I myself am one. For these defects, and for no other evil, we now are lost and punished just with this. We have no hope, and yet we live in longing. Great sorrow seized my heart on hearing him, for I had seen some estimable men among the souls suspended in that limbo. Okay, so I want you to remember this passage because Virgil was saying, "There's nothing wrong with me. Unfortunately, I I was just unlucky. Okay? This is This is incorrect. What you will see as we move on is that Virgil chooses to be here. There are many paths for salvation or redemption for him. He but he wants to stay in hell, okay?" And why and why that is the case we'll we'll we'll talk about later. All right. Let's keep it going. So, I descended from the first enclosure down to the second circle, that which girdles less space but grief more great, that goes to weeping. There a dreadful Minos stands, gnashing his teeth, examining the sins of those who enter. He judges and assigns all as his as his tail twines. I mean that when the spirit born to evil appears before him, it confesses all, and he, the connoisseur of sin, can tell the hell appropriate to it. As many times as Minos wraps his tail around himself, that marks the sinner's level. Always there is a crowd that stands before him. Each soul in turns advances towards the judgment. They speak and

36:16hear, then they are cast below. Arresting his extraordinary task, Minos, as soon as he had seen me, said, "Oh you who reached this house of suffering, be careful how you enter, whom you trust. The gate is wide, but do not be deceived. To which my guide replied, "But why protest? Do not attempt to block his fated path. Our passage has been willed above, where one can do what he has willed and ask no more." Okay. So, this is a very interesting passage that again uh makes us question things, okay? So, Minos, who's basically deciding which uh level of hell you go to based on your sin, he basically says to Dante, "Don't trust anyone here." Okay? Don't trust anyone here. Be Be careful how you enter, whom you trust. The gate is wide, but do not be deceived. Okay. This is a very strange idea, right? Because Minos sees that Dante is with Virgil. And his response is, "Dante, you're a good person. I'm telling you right now, don't trust anyone." Right? So, what he's really saying is, "Dante, don't trust Virgil." Right? If you think about it logically, it makes no sense for him to say that unless he means, "Don't trust Virgil." Because if Virgil can be trusted, then all Dante has to do is just follow Virgil into hell, and that's it, okay? But Minos makes a point of saying, "Don't trust anyone here." Which is to say, "Don't trust the person closest to you." "Be careful how you enter and whom you trust." Okay? And what confirms this is To which my guide replied, "But why protest?" Okay? So, Virgil is still being rude and said, "Hey, shut up, man." Okay? "Do not attempt to block his fated path. Our passage has been willed above, where

38:17one can do what he has willed and ask no more. We are I represent a higher power than you may knows. All right? So again, this is questioning the reliability of the narrator. What's happening is that Dante is planting seeds, giving us clues that in hell nothing is what it seems. The person that we most trust, Virgil, is the person we should probably least trust. Okay? All right. So everything that Virgil says we have to question. All right. So again, um Virgil and Dante are in the first layer of hell and this is lust and Virgil is pointing out to Dante who they are. Okay? Can Can you read uh uh Ivory? The first of those about whose history you want to know, my master then told me, once ruled this empress over many nations. Her vice of lust became so customary that she made license with it in her laws to free her from the scandal she had caused. She is Semiramis, of whom we read that [music] she was Ninus's wife and his successor. She held the land the Sultan now commands. That other spirit killed herself for love and she [music] and she betrayed the ashes of Sichaeus. The wanton Cleopatra follows next. See Helen, whose sake so many year for whose sake so many years of evil had to pass. See great Achilles, who finally met love in his last battle. See Paris, Tristan, and he points out a name to me more than a thousand shades departed from our life because of love. No sooner had I heard my teacher name the ancient ladies and the knights than pity seized me and I was like a man astray. Okay. So this again is a paradox, okay? And again, it's almost impossible to see this paradox by yourself. But the paradox is this.

40:18Um what Virgil will do is basically point out a thousand shades, okay? He provides all the names of these people. Okay, an example is um Semiramis um and then you have Cleopatra, you have Helen, you have Achilles, you have Paris, you have Tristan. Okay, so he's naming everyone. Which there's one shade he does not name. And the other spirit who killed herself for love, and she betrayed the ashes of six Sicilians, we know who this person is because this person is Dido. And who is Dido? Dido is the creation of Virgil. So the great paradox, the irony is there's a thousand people and the person that Virgil refuses to acknowledge by name is the one that he understands the best, who he is most intimate with. Okay? And look this brings us to the question, why is this the case? Why does he refuse to name Dido? So if you go back to the um Aeneid, the one thing that stands out about the Aeneid is that Dido is the most realistic character. It's really the character that most people, when they read the Aeneid, they sympathize with. Because Dido feels real, but at the same time Dido didn't really deserve her fate, okay? So it is Virgil who cast Dido into hell, right? And this contrasts with Dante, who will elevate Beatrice, his love, to heaven. All right? So already we are seeing a contrast, a paradox. Okay? Virgil condemned Dido to hell, Dante

42:19elevated Beatrice to heaven. And Dante is longing for Beatrice, and then Virgil forgets that Dido even existed. He even refuses to name her. Okay, and the question then is why? So, because Dido is a realistic character, we can assume that Dido is based on a person that Virgil knows. But knowing that, we can also make the assumption that Virgil pursued Dido, fell in love with Dido, and Dido rejected him probably because he was an ugly [ __ ] okay? And so, Virgil got really angry and decided that I will condemn Dido to hell. But in his heart, Virgil knows that this was unfair, that this was pure hatred. And so, he feels a bit guilty about it, he feels embarrassed about it, and that's why he refuses to acknowledge Dido. He refuses to face Dido uh for um what he did, okay? But then something interesting happens. All right? Okay? Okay, can you read um My first words, "Poet, I should only speak with those two who go together there and seem so lightly carried by the wind." And he to me, "You'll see when they draw closer to us, and then you may appeal to them by that love which impels them. They will come." No sooner had the wind bent them towards us than I urged all my voice, "Oh battered souls, if one does not forbid it, speak with us." Even as doves, when summoned by desire, borne forward by their will, move through the air with wings up uplifted, so still to their sweet nest. Those spirits left the ranks where Dido suffers, approaching us through the malignant air. So powerful had been my loving cry. Okay, so what he's saying here is that

44:21like Virgil is naming all all the shades and Dante's like, "Let me go and talk to them." And Virgil says, "Sure, go talk to them, okay?" But what I want you to notice is this. Those spirits left the ranks where Dido suffers, approaching us through the malignant air, okay? So, the contrast is this. Virgil refuses to name Dido, so Dante names Dido himself. All right? And what this what this really is is an act of rebellion. Because Dante acknowledges Virgil as his father, as his guide, as his teacher. And therefore, he should just follow Virgil. If Virgil doesn't want to name Dido, doesn't want to acknowledge Dido, then Dante should be respectful and ignore Dido, right? But he's saying, "No, I'm going to name Dido because I I want us to understand that it was wrong to not acknowledge Dido. It was wrong, first of all, for Virgil to condemn Dido to hell, and it's wrong to just ignore her, okay? So, I know who Dido is, I know what Virgil did, and I want to name her in order to resurrect her in our memory. All right? So, again, this is creating cognitive dissonance. It's leaving an idea in our heads that none of what we're seeing in Inferno is what it seems. That's why it's hell, because it's all an illusion, it's all deception. And we have to use our minds, we have to use our heart to truly understand what's going on, okay? All right? So, this begins our journey into The Divine Comedy. But as you can see, it is extremely complex. You have to see with your heart. You have to see with your imagination. It's

46:22impossible to just read this and know what's going on. You have to believe in your instincts. You have to believe in your in your intuition. You have to believe that you have connection with God. And it is God that will reveal to you the truth through your intuition and your imagination. Okay? So, The Divine Comedy is a journey really into your own heart and your faith. All right? Any questions? Okay. All right. So, we will continue this next time, okay?